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The Impact of Late-Career Health and Employment Shocks on Social Security and Other Wealth (Series/The Retirement Project Discussion Papers)
Author(s): Richard W. Johnson, Gordon Mermin, Dan Murphy

About one-quarter of workers age 51 to 55 in 1992 developed health-related work limitations and about one-fifth were laid off from their jobs before age 62. Although late-career health and employment shocks often derail retirement savings plans, Social Security’s disability insurance, spouse and survivor benefits, and progressive benefit formula provide important protections. In fact, health shocks increase Social Security's lifetime value, primarily because the system’s disability insurance allows some disabled workers to collect benefits before age 62. However, if the system’s disability insurance program did not exist, the onset of health-related work limitations would substantially reduce Social Security wealth.

Posted: December 20, 2007

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Federal Housing Subsidies: To Rent or To Own? (Article/Opportunity and Ownership Facts)
Author(s): Gillian Reynolds

A family's housing can take one of two forms: renting and homeownership. Although both provide shelter, they differ significantly in their implications for asset accumulation. Direct outlays made up 87.1 percent of federal rental-assistance spending in 2006, while tax breaks provided over 98 percent of federal homeownership subsidies. This breakdown reveals that the federal government places a priority on homeownership as opposed to rental housing; however, the distribution of homeownership tax breaks suggests that they provide little benefit to low-income families.

Posted: December 20, 2007

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Tax Considerations in a Universal Pension System (UPS) (Discussion Papers)
Author(s): Adam Carasso, Jonathan Barry Forman

The inadequacy of the current U.S. public and private pension systems may warrant the establishment of a universal pension system (UPS), which would cover all workers—full-time and part-time—and require them to contribute at a level that can help provide them with adequate incomes when they retire. This paper develops options for a system of individual accounts to which, starting in 2007, each employee or self-employed worker would be required to contribute 3 percent of covered payroll (i.e., 3 percent of up to $97,500 in 2007). The UPS we describe would raise the total "replacement rate" for average wage men to 49.0 percent of final wages—provided Social Security is fixed—or 39.8 percent if not

Posted: December 20, 2007

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Meeting the Needs of Children with Disabilities (Book Module)
Author(s): Laudan Y. Aron, Pamela J. Loprest

Seldom do the needs of children with disabilities divide neatly along program lines. Instead, children and their families navigate a large, complex, and fragmented array of programs with inconsistent eligibility standards, application procedures, and program goals. "Meeting the Needs of Children with Disabilities" examines these programs, focusing on the three largest—special education, Medicaid, and Supplemental Security Income—and suggests ways to unify them into one system that will provide continuous care and support. Efforts at early intervention and prevention and difficulties caused by programs' funding structures are given particular attention.

Posted: December 19, 2007

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In Pursuit of Assistance, Children with Disabilities Face Complex, Fragmented Service System (Press Release)
Author(s): The Urban Institute

Seldom do the needs of children with disabilities divide neatly along program lines. Instead, children and their families navigate a large, complex, and fragmented array of programs with inconsistent eligibility standards, application procedures, and program goals. "Meeting the Needs of Children with Disabilities" examines these programs, focusing on the three largest—special education, Medicaid, and Supplemental Security Income—and suggests ways to unify them into one system that will provide continuous care and support. Efforts at early intervention and prevention and difficulties caused by programs' funding structures are given particular attention.

Posted: December 19, 2007

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Dire Future for Local Governments If Revenue-Raising Powers Are Not Fixed (Press Release)
Author(s): The Urban Institute

The existence of local governments will be in jeopardy without a significant change in the way they are financed, David Brunori warns in the new edition of his Urban Institute Press book "Local Tax Policy: A Federalist Perspective."

Posted: December 17, 2007

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Baltimore City's High School Reform Initiative (Research Report)
Author(s): Becky Smerdon, Jennifer Cohen

This report presents findings from the first detailed study of Baltimore's 5 year high school reform. Using administrative data, Urban Institute researchers found that test scores and attendance rates were higher for students in Baltimore's innovation high schools than in the city's comprehensive or newly formed neighborhood high schools. Students in innovation and neighborhood schools also showed more stability in their enrollment than their counterparts in comprehensive schools. These findings remained after controlling for students' backgrounds and previous achievements even though students at innovation schools were more academically advantaged than their peers in other schools prior to entering high school.

Posted: December 16, 2007

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Who Has Insurance and Who Does Not in the District of Columbia? (Policy Briefs/Health Policy Briefs)
Author(s): Allison Cook, Barbara A. Ormond

DC fares better than the nation as a whole in the share of its population that is uninsured. Lower rates of employer-sponsored coverage are more than offset by higher rates of public coverage. The District's relatively generous Medicaid eligibility standards, and the DC HealthCare Alliance, a locally funded coverage program, contribute to the high share of publicly insured residents. Although all low-income individuals are eligible for either Medicaid or the Alliance, some 66,000 residents remain uninsured. These are among the findings of this data brief on insurance status in DC by age, employment, income, family status, and health status.

Posted: December 14, 2007

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Local Tax Policy (Book)
Author(s): David Brunori

Local governments are struggling to raise revenue for public services, but their fiscal autonomy has been declining for decades. By ceding financial control to the states, localities have ceded political control over their affairs. Paralleling this loss, local governments are losing control over property tax, their most stable and reliable source of revenue. Brunori explores the roots of the current fiscal crisis, evaluates various relief proposals, and champions the property tax, offering a blueprint for strengthening this oft-maligned instrument. The second edition has been updated to reflect new tax policy developments since the publication of the first edition in 2003.

Posted: December 14, 2007

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Retaining Older Volunteers Is Key to Meeting Future Volunteer Needs (Policy Briefs/Perspectives on Productive Aging)
Author(s): Barbara Butrica, Richard W. Johnson, Sheila R. Zedlewski

The boomers' impending retirement has spurred interest in tapping their productive energies to benefit society. This study examines older adults' decisions to stop or start formal volunteer work. The findings show that older adults usually stick with their original decisions, but more often stop than start volunteering. Volunteers who contribute a lot of hours over many years and who are married to volunteers are less likely to quit. And nonvolunteers are more likely to start volunteering if they have been uninvolved for few years and their spouses volunteer. The results highlight the importance of volunteer retention strategies for nonprofit agencies.

Posted: December 13, 2007

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